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Interpretation of the Establishment Clause - 986 Words

In the First Amendment it states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.† This is known as the Establishment Clause, and it has been a controversial topic of many Supreme Court cases throughout America’s history. There are three different methods of constitutional interpretation--textualism, intentionalism, and pragmatism—that have shaped the Supreme Court’s rulings on the Establishment Clause. The Establishment Clause is usually interpreted in two different ways: â€Å"The Establishment Clause prohibits government actions—federal, state, or local—that promote religion,† and that â€Å"The Establishment Clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion.† There is a common metaphor that accompanies the Establishment Clause know as the â€Å"wall of separation.† The Establishment Clause has this â€Å"wall† in order to keep the church and state separate. This is a r eoccurring theme I have seen develop throughout various court cases. I studied four different cases that made it to the Supreme Court: Everson vs. Board of Education, Lynch vs. Donnelly, Lee vs. Weisman, and Santa Fe Independent School District vs. Jane Doe. During the brief period of me studying these four cases involving the Establishment Clause, I have inferred that pragmatism has indicated the utmost dominance in shaping the Supreme Court’s rulings on the Establishment Clause. The use of pragmatism has become more popular in courts today because it can conform to the many changesShow MoreRelatedThe Ten Commandments and the Establishment Clause970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ten Commandments and the Establishment Clause The United States of America is a free country that encourages its citizens to observe and express their freedom. This freedom is expressed in different ways and forms which include the freedom to exercise any type of religion without the government’s interference or support. This freedom is primarily safeguarded by the Constitution. The forefathers of American democracy proclaim the separation of Church and State to ensure that there is no encroachingRead MoreThe Supreme Court On The American Public School System Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1947, the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 in favor of the defendant in a case named Everson v Board of Education. In this case, the Majority opinion laid out an interpretation of the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment of the Constitution for the first time in regards to how it should be applied. As such, it would set the precedence for the way that the Supreme Court would look at the First Amendment even until today. Althoug h in this particular instance, the Supreme Court ruled in favor ofRead MoreThe First Amendment Of The United States Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe first amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Supreme Court has been inconsistent in the application of these sometimes conflicting requirements. At times, the Court takes a separationist position, erecting a solid wall between church and state, and at other times takes an accommodationist position, siding with an individual’s right to exercise their religious beliefs. ReligiousRead MoreCivil Liberties are Constitutional Protections Against the Government1681 Words   |  7 Pagessupport may waiver when it comes time to put those rights into practice. Civil liberties are legal constitutional protections against the government, and basically, tell the government what it cannot do. Judicial interpretations shape the nature of civil liberties, and as these interpretations change over time, so do our rights. To understand the civil liberties and freedoms we have, and how they have changed, we must examine several key Supreme Court decisions. One of the most common controversiesRead MoreSepartion of Church and State Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pages The Establishment Clause was one way that civilians were protecting religious liberty by the separation of church and state. Within our political and school systems there have been a number of controversial issues to include religious holidays, school prayer, teaching evolution and aid to church based schools. The Supreme Court has ruled in many cases in regards to these religious controversial issues. The First Amendment states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religionRead MoreAnalysis of the First Amendment1687 Words   |  7 PagesIn the First Amendment, the clause that states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion† is based on the Establishment Clauses that is incorporated in the amendment. This clauses prohibits the government to establish a state religion and then enforce it on its citizens to believe it. Without this clause, the government can force participation in this chosen religion, and then punish anyone who does not obey to the faith chosen. This clause was in issue in a court caseRead MoreExpansion Of Federal Power : The United States1546 Words   |  7 Pagespowers of Congress, making them most responsible for the growth of federal power. In the Constitution, the Commerce clause was created to regulate interstate commerce, but after the Supreme Court ruled on cases the interpretation change d and the federal government can now regulate commercial activities including minimum wage and labor. The Court broadened the â€Å"Necessary and Proper† clause when it ruled that Congress can establish a federal bank. Finally, the Court reinterpreted the meaning of the FirstRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of Providing Tax Exemption Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesindirectly contribute to those churches, thus violating the Establishment clause. The Supreme Court upheld the property tax exemption for churches, ruling that it did not violate the Establishment clause. In the majority opinion, Chief Justice Warren Burger emphasized that the First Amendment â€Å"will not tolerate either governmentally established religion or governmental interference with religion† (Walz v. Tax,† n.d.). This interpretation of the First Amendment was echoed one year later with theRead MoreThe Debate Over School Prayer1096 Words   |  5 Pageswritten, many state governments did not stand by this. Many state governments displayed favoritism towards different religions in the form of support. Therefore to further ensure that religion was independent of the government, a more precise interpretation of the first amendment was made by certain groups of people. By completely making religion and the state unconnected, the new understanding became known as the separation of church and state. This is taken out of context by many people and isRead MoreTown Of Greece V. Adalah1168 Words   |  5 PagesNebraska Legislature’s practice of opening its sessions with a prayer delivered by a chaplain paid from state funds. The decision concluded that legislative prayer, while religious in nature, has long been understood as compatible with the Establishment Clause. As practiced by Congress since the framing of the Constitution, legislative prayer lends gravity to public business, reminds lawmakers to transcend petty differences in pursuit of a higher purpose, and expre sses a common aspiration to a just

Essay about Lisa Benton Case Study Review - 3013 Words

Assignment 3: Lisa Benton Case Analysis Katherine Torkelson Jack Welch Management Institute JWI 510 Leadership in the 21st Century March 10, 2013 Executive Summary This paper will discuss and analyze Lisa Benton, a recent Harvard Business School graduate. She is now an assistant product manager at a company called Houseworld. Lisa has a poor relationship with her new boss and coworker and she recently received a poor performance review. She is worried about her future with the company, and if she chose the right company to begin her career after receiving her MBA. Introduction Lisa had a tough decision to make. During her time in school working towards her MBA, she worked as the assistant to the president of Right-Away†¦show more content†¦4). This was contradictory to what Lisa’s current strategy was. She was going to listen to Scoville’s (Deborah’s â€Å"go to† associate) comments to remain in â€Å"learning mode, she [Lisa] thought it best to be quiet and act like a learner (Weber, 1994, p. 4). If Lisa is remaining in this mode, even though it is her first month, she is not exuding a sense of reliability. Manager’s look at employees that could be labeled â€Å"A players† who do what they say and get the job done (McIntosh amp; Luecke, 2011). Lisa needs to step up and give her â€Å"A† game in order to establish reliability so as to increase this element of influencing her boss, Deborah, and her associates. Over time, reliability develops, just as it does with trustworthiness. The last part of this particular model of the Foundation of Influence is assertiveness. A person who lacks assertiveness, which in turn has very little influential power, allows themselves to be pushed around or aside, or they â€Å"hide their light under a bushel.† â€Å"Assertiveness is a mode of personal behavior and communication characterized by a willingness to stand up for one’s needs and interests in an open and direct way. The assertive person stands up for things that matter to him while respecting the things that matter to others† (McIntosh amp; Luecke, 2011, p. 15). Lisa has had trouble influencing her boss, Deborah, because she has not shown, clearly enough, herShow MoreRelated Lisa Benton Case Analysis Paper 3 FINAL 6223 Words   |  25 Pages II Lisa Benton Case Analysis Jack Welch Management Institute Dr. Denis Tocci JWMI 510 Abstract In this case analysis I will focus on Deborah Linton and Lisa Benton. Deborah Linton is the Product Manager and is Lisa Benton’s direct supervisor at Houseworld. I will look at Deborah Linton’s leadership approach applying concepts from JWMI-510. I will act as a consultant to Deborah Linton and make recommendations on how she can build an effective team. I will point out why Lisa Benton hasRead MoreDissertation Proposal on Managing Diversity of Workforce18916 Words   |  76 Pagesare experiencing a necessity to make changes as well. The workforce will become increasingly more diverse in the future and this greatly affects the organization in its capacity of hiring and retaining employees. The literature reviewed within this study illustrates the fact that the expectations of employees differ within the generations represented in today’s workforce and unless managers have a sound knowledge-base of the needs and expectations of the organization’s employees then keeping theseRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data

Developing Cultural Awareness in Foreign Language

Question: Discuss about the Developing Cultural Awareness in Foreign Language. Answer: Introduction: Every individual country is possessed with distinct cultures, ethics, values and beliefs. The underlying concept cultural awareness is the ability based on which civilization of a specific country can recognize their customs, values and beliefs. In order to represent the stature of a particular country cultural awareness plays an important role. In a workplace, diversity becomes a major opportunity as well as the challenge. People belonging to different cultural attitudes and backgrounds are successfully able to adopt each others customs and cultural beliefs. People have to face several barriers in communicating with each other due to the cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, psychological barriers and so many. India and Australia has been chosen a selected country for this particular study. Australia is out an out a developed country having the advancement of technology and cultural flexibility. India is not that much flexible in both socially and economically. This specific study has highlighted cultural and political, historical and demographic similarities and dissimilarities of India and Australia. As per the economy of Australia it is noted that this particular country is popularly known as one of the largest mixed market economies. As per the report of 2015 this country has earned GDP of AUD$1.62 trillion. Therefore, economic strength is one of the most positive aspects of Australia due to which the business organizations are successfully able to pay a good amount of money to the employees (Lumkes, Hallett and Vallade 2012). The employees are having a high level of income status. As a result, people generally tend to lead a high level of life style. The scenario of India is completely different from the vista of Australia. As per the Indian economic strength this particular country is considered as the seventh largest countries in terms of economic strength (Byram 2012). In comparison to the economic growth, the employees and the existing workers of India do not get equal remuneration packages like Australia. In compared to the population, this particular country is not very much flexible to provide equal job opportunity to the inhabitants (Truong, Paradies and Priest 2014). As a result, employees get limited scope to earn sufficient amount of money for building their future career. However, as per the demographic vista both the male and female are equally treated from the society. As a result, female employees do not have to face trouble for being associated with a business organization (Vaara et al. 2012). The picture of India is completely different. Female employees in India have to face large issues in order to hold the position of senior managers. Gender inequality is one of the most effective factors with the help of which female employees do not get enough scope to excel their talents (Shemshadsara 2012). Cultural values of two countries: The cultural attributes of the two countries are different from each other. A larger part of India has still remained under-developed. The states like West Bengal, Manipur, Madhyapradesh have to face innumerable difficulties in maintaining the day-to-day life due to their orthodox cultural beliefs and attitudes (Bohman and Borglin 2014). For an example, the concept of higher studies for the female has become a major concern for the society. Women are allowed to be under the curtain. Therefore, the talented and skilful women have to stop their higher education process due to the superstitious views of the Indian society. Shemshadsara (2012) stated that it is undeniable at the same time that Indian culture believes in unity in diversity. As per the concept of unity in diversity, people from different cultures and attitudes are treated with equal respect and dignity. As a result, people coming from other countries for the purpose of job or higher education do not have to face any kind o f difficulties to get adjusted with Indian. The scenario and cultural vista of Australia is completely different. As per the cultural beliefs and values of Australia, the inhabitants do not have to face innumerable challenges in dealing with the higher education. Especially women are not isolated from the society. They are having the flexibility to share their own opinion regarding anything. At the same time, Burtch, Ghose and Wattal (2013) stated that the people of Australia are not comfortable enough in maintaining unity in diversity at the workplace. As per the culture of human resource managers of the regional business organizations of Australia, the managers tend to recruit those employees at the workplace who belong to Australian culture. As a result, the business managers get the scope to maintain their workplace balance (Byram 2012). Communication style of two countries: The communication style of Indian is completely different from the communication style of Australian. As per the mother tongue, the inhabitants belonging to India are not flexible to use English language in a proper way. Communication can be divided into two primary parts that include verbal communication and non-verbal communication (Rew et al. 2014). The persons who are not flexible enough to maintain an effective communication can use non-verbal mode of communication as well. It is however undeniable that Indians have to face major linguistic barriers while interacting with the people in international language. On other hand, Australians are very much flexible in maintaining an effective communication by using the international language. Most of the people tend to use verbal communication while interacting with each other (Csutora 2012). However, the Indians have to face major difficulties while interacting with the people of Australia at the workplace. Linguistic barrier becomes one of the major hindrances for making an effective interaction between sender and receiver (Byram 2012). Therefore, the inhabitants of these two particular countries have to face innumerable difficulties in working successfully at the organization. Most of the business organizations in order to avoid communication barrier at the workplace have decided to provide a professional training and development process to enhance the communication skill of the employees. Historical and political features of two countries: Australia is divided into states and territories that include Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, Northern Territory, Australian Northern territory and so many. However, the politics of Australia takes place as per the as per the framework of federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy (Bohman and Borglin 2014). The Australia government in the eight continuous years of substantial fiscal deficit promises to meet the surplus. As per the overall overview, it is clear and evident that Australian political environment is suitable enough for a business organization to run their wings in the market. As per the political set up of Indi, this particular country has to face changing governmental set up with the flow of time. The repeated change of India government has a major impact in establishing a business process as well (Lee, Trimi and Kim 2013). Any kind of political chaos within the country reflects on the organizations as well. Experienced employees from different countries show their reluctance for being associated with the Indian companies due to the uncertain political environment of the business organization (Truong, Paradies and Priest 2014). Organizations belonging to Australia do not have to face any kind of difficulties in working under this political environment. After evaluating the entire study, I have observed that cultural awareness is highly important for representing a particular country. India is possessed with a separate culture where people from various cultural and religious backgrounds are treated equally. I have noticed that India is possessed with large number of people who belong to backward society. As a result, this kind of persons has to face major difficulties to develop their career. I have observed that obstacles that an Indian woman has to face in order to develop their career. The scenario of Australia is completely different from India. I have analysed that the rate of education in this particular country is high in range. As a result, people be its male or female do not have to show major difficulties in interacting with the each other. The political environment of this country is very flexible to run an entire business organization successfully. As a result, the employees do not have to face barriers while dealing wit h the customers as well as internal employees. I have evaluated that Australia is not devoid of some of its major drawbacks as well. The people of Australia tend to show their religious biasness while recruiting an employee at the regional Australian company. Conclusion: The entire study has provided in-depth analyse on how cultural attributes differ from one country to another. In this specific study, the cultural awareness of both Australia and India has been described. The communication style of the two countries, its political features and demographic vista has been discussed though out the entire study. Reference List: Boden, A., Avram, G., Bannon, L. and Wulf, V., 2012. Knowledge sharing practices and the impact of cultural factors: reflections on two case studies of offshoring in SME.Journal of software: Evolution and Process,24(2), pp.139-152. Bohman, D.M. and Borglin, G., 2014. Student exchange for nursing students: Does it raise cultural awareness'? A descriptive, qualitative study.Nurse education in practice,14(3), pp.259-264. Burtch, G., Ghose, A. and Wattal, S., 2013. Cultural differences and geography as determinants of online pro-social lending. Byram, M., 2012. Language awareness and (critical) cultural awarenessrelationships, comparisons and contrasts.Language Awareness,21(1-2), pp.5-13. Csutora, M., 2012. One more awareness gap? The behaviourimpact gap problem.Journal of consumer policy,35(1), pp.145-163. Lee, S.G., Trimi, S. and Kim, C., 2013. The impact of cultural differences on technology adoption.Journal of World Business,48(1), pp.20-29. Lumkes, J.H., Hallett, S. and Vallade, L., 2012. Hearing versus experiencing: The impact of a short-term study abroad experience in China on students perceptions regarding globalization and cultural awareness.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,36(1), pp.151-159. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Rew, L., Becker, H., Chontichachalalauk, J. and Lee, H.Y., 2014. Cultural diversity among nursing students: reanalysis of the cultural awareness scale.Journal of Nursing Education,53(2), pp.71-76. Shemshadsara, Z.G., 2012. Developing cultural awareness in foreign language teaching.English Language Teaching,5(3), p.95. Truong, M., Paradies, Y. and Priest, N., 2014. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.BMC health services research,14(1), p.99. Vaara, E., Sarala, R., Stahl, G.K. And Bjrkman, I., 2012. The Impact Of Organizational And National Cultural Differences On Social Conflict And Knowledge Transfer In International Acquisitions.Journal Of Management Studies,49(1), pp.1-27.