Ns A Violation Of Privacy And Rights - 1840 Words

Recently, the issue of privacy and civil liberties being threatened by government agencies has raised tensions and worries among the general public. In 1952, the National Security Agency (NSA) was established with the sole purpose to protect U.S. s information sent overseas and cryptanalysis. After the 9/11 attacks, Congress passed the Patriot Act which gave agencies, like the NSA, the ability to undergo secret and previously unconstitutional operations to capture the people involved in the attack. The resources that were available to the NSA led to the uncovering of valuable information to the capture of the terrorists responsible. However, relinquishing so much power to the NSA backfired to general public. To this day, any gathering of†¦show more content†¦In recent years, online surveillance has been effective and is an important tool in the fight against terrorism (Francis) this is attributed to the efforts of the NSA. In this technological age, threats from foreign enem ies do not always come from hand-to-hand combat but are rather cyberattacks. These types of threats can be more catastrophic. Online surveillance can also be a valuable asset in identifying individuals that pose a threat to national security. A large number of people, after the catastrophic 9/11 attacks, greatly fear the repetition of similar attacks, and rely heavily on the efforts taken by agencies like the NSA to stop attacks from happening again. Such efforts include online surveillance, reviewing of phone records, including those of U.S. citizens. Personal records are among the information collected by the NSA, however in social media, millions of people in the country make personal information public for anyone to see. As Francis states, Americans love to share data. We post photos and videos on social media without a second thought. Rarely do we think about what they are letting the world know, therefore, the collection of data of the NSA could include the information people that own any type of social media is sharing. Technically the things posted on the Internet, are within the

Socio Economic Status Of The United States Essay - 1794 Words

The United States is made up of social classes which are divided based on the socio economic status of the citizen or the family. The three different levels to the class sys-tem are the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. Unfortunately there is also poverty that exists which is also a factor to be considered when analyzing crime. There are many theorist who believe that a person’s socio economic status has a large impact on the likelihood of whether or not a person will commit crime during their life-time. According to Bank, Flavin, and Leighton, â€Å"Marx and Engels believed that crime was about defects of society and the product of the demoralization and alienation caused by the conditions of capitalism.† In short this statement is saying that there are underlying reasons why people commit crimes, it is not just about whether poverty is present, how wealthy a person, what social class they are in, or what a person’s socio economic status is. Ho wever, socio economic status, poverty level, and social class all do have an effect on the rate of which crime is committed by citizens. There is a common belief among people that those of the lower socio economic class tend to commit more crimes than those of the higher classes. However, the reality of this concept is that people from each class commit crimes but for different reasons, meaning socio economic class mainly only plays a role in the reason behind why peo-ple commit crimes, not necessarily the rate at whichShow MoreRelatedSocio Economic Status Of The United States1443 Words   |  6 Pagesschool’s community among faculty, staff, students, and families are race, socio-economic status, and divorce/single parents. a. i. Race – With our country being the land of the free, you will always have different races coming into your community. What a great way to teach your children about different people’s cultures.( Badger, 2012) ii. Socio-economic Status – After the recession a few years back, the socio-economic status of American has changed. People had to give up their houses and were firedRead MoreThe American Dream Entails Upward Social Mobility1184 Words   |  5 PagesFor many, the American Dream entails upward social mobility. For a few, the dream of increased social status comes true. Throughout my life, I experienced many changes in my socio-economic class. I was born into a working Middle Class family. Both of my parents graduated from high school but neither attended college. My father worked the stereotypical nine to five job as a bank teller. My mother was a stay at home parent raising me along with my two older brothers. We could have been describedRead MoreCritique Of Disease And Disadvantage Of The United States And England755 Words   |  4 PagesCritique of Disease and Disadvantage in the United States and England In the 2006 article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Disease and Disadvantage in the United States and England by Banks et al, it was found that those residing in England are healthier than United States (US) residents. To control for racial disparities the study was limited to White individuals. 4 surveys were used to extrapolate and assess data measures. Surveys from England included theRead MoreThe Effect Of Obesity On The New Zealand1397 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the percentage of there population being rated 3rd behind the United States of America and Mexico with 28.4% of our population being considered Over weight for Adults. 35% of New Zealanders are considered obese placing 3rd behind Greece and Italy for. This has increase from 18.8% in 1997 which has been seen as the 4th highest Behind United States of America, Mexico and Australia. In individuals under 15 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2013). Interli nking environmentalRead MoreSocial Class in Education935 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia has suffered a large gap in education due to socio-economic class. Generations ago, social class was a major part of society that separated the different classes especially in education. The wealthy attended school and only a percentage of the poor received little education as most left school to help provide for the family. 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The fourth research question relates to the reasons for socio-economic rights being less susceptible to international criminalisation. Socio-economic rights in international law as earlier defined in this research ‘include a variety of rights, such as: (i) the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work; to rest and leisure; to form and join trade unions and to strike; (ii)Read MoreSocio Economic Status And Health1748 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Social stratification is one of the tenets of sociological inquiry, and the association between socio-economic status and health could be viewed as a classical problem in medical sociology that dates back the mid-19th century works of Friedrich Engels, Rudolf Wirchow and Salvador Allende. These scholars writing during the early years of capitalism (Salvador Allende is an exception as to this trend as he studied the social origins of illness in the later times and a different geographicalRead MoreCausal Analysis Paper: Significant Rise in High School Dropout Rates in United States1602 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent times, there has been a significant rise in high school dropout rates in United States of America. This issue has significant attention of academics and researchers and is known as silent epidemic as more and more American teenagers are dropping out from schools before graduation (Bridgeland, DeIulio Morison, 200). Reports suggest that the high school dropout rates before graduation in minorities has reached 50 percent since last decade (Bridgeland, DeIulio Morison, 202,Read MoreHomicide Influences: How culture, religion, and the economy affect homicide rates900 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermines whether one should commit homicide or make the decision to do the â€Å"right† thing. The paper found on this topic revolves around the Southern region, but further research was done to understand the Northern take on religion to better grasp the United States as a whole. It is believed that the South hold God closer to the body than North does in that they believe the Bible i s truly the word of God and should be taken literally. â€Å"Personal salvation through faith is the only escape from eternal damnation

AIR FRANCE AIRLINE - Fundamental Assets & Management Accounting

Question : The Explain How to management accounting can supply information to assist the management of the organisation of AIR FRANCE AIRLINE ? Answer : Background of the company Air France which is stylized as AIRFRANCE is a French airline headquartered in France. It is the subsidiary of Air France KLM group. As of the data of 2013, AIR FRANCE serves 36 destinations in France. It operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to 168 destinations in more than 90 countries. Air France operates 1500 flights on a daily basis in France, Europe and worldwide (Airfrance.fr, 2015). Since 2004, Air France and KLM is one of the leading air transport groups of Europe. The two airlines work in collaboration and cover 230 destinations in more than 100 countries. They have their hubs in Paris and Amsterdam. The fundamental assets of Air France are its balanced network that operates from Paris. It is considered as the most powerful hub in Europe. Air France offers innovative range of products. The need of the customers is identified while strategizing the business operations of the company. The strategy of Air France is to make the sky the best place on earth. They offer discounts during lean period. Air France is a member of Sky team. Sky Team has membership of 20 airlines. It helps to travel the world in a trouble free way. The International team can be flexible and travel around the world (Airfrance.fr, 2015). It will make the process of Journey along the globe flexible. Among the various other members of the Sky Team, Air France follows the policy of providing good quality and innovation (Royalairmaroc.com, 2015). They offer innovative products to their customers by providing them with regular discounts. The operating revenue of the company is EUR 25.6 billion. Since 2004, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines has become the largest group in European airline. They are one group that has two airlines and has three businesses. But the airlines has retained their identity, existing trade name and the brand image. The major businesses of these two airlines are Passenger Business, Engineering and maintenance and Cargo business. The business operations of the two airlines are from their own destinations. They are Paris for Air France and Amsterdam for KLM. KLM and Air France employ more than 100,000 people (Skyteam.com, 2015). The shares of Air France and KLM are listed in the Paris Exchange and the Amsterdam exchange. In 2009, Air France KLM and Alitalia entered into agreement in order to strengthen their partnership. Air France KLM has 25% stake in the Alitalia. It enabled the airline company to have a strong position in the Italian market (Static.skyteam.com, 2015). Italy is considered as the fourth largest market in Europe. Both the airlines are members of the Sky Team alliance. It is considered as a global airline alliance (Klm.com, 2015). The major competitors of Air France airlines are Lufthansa and its acquired company Swiss International Airways , American airlines Group Inc, International Consolidated Airlines Group SA and Deutsche Lufthansa. Air France and KLM have been providing innovative service to their clients. The airline company strategizes its business to meet the need of the customers and following the path of the competitors like British airways. Review of Management Accounting Management accounting can be defined as the process of accounting used by managers who use the information of accounting to make their key decisions. This will help the managers to have better understanding of the organization and perform the control functions more effectively. The financial as well as non financial decision making of the managers. Management accounting extends in three main areas. They are Strategic management The strategic management decisions of an organization can be taken by the manager of the organization using management accounting. Performance management The performance of the organization can be managed by using management accounting. It will help in taking the key decisions of the organization. Management of Risk Management accounting will provide a framework that will help in the identification, management and risk reporting. This will be helpful in meeting the organizational objectives. The key techniques of management accounting are as follows Management of Inventory Just in time Make or buy decision Process of preparation of Budget Analysis of Variance CVP analysis Activity based costing Enterprise cost management The Make or Buy decision helps to ascertain whether an item will be produced by the organization or whether the organization will purchase it from any supplier outside to the company. The JIT technology is used to ascertain that the level of production is equal to the sales volume. There is no raw material storage in the inventory. Management of inventory helps to make the purchasing decisions, operation decisions and decision of sales. A distribution analysis is done to manage the level of inventory. Budgeting helps in planning for the future by the allocation of resources. Variance determines the difference between the actual and the estimated. Variance analysis helps to ascertain the difference of the actual production or sales to the estimated production or sales. It assists in better decision making for the organization. CVP technique helps in break even analysis which is important to make the investment in production. At the point if break even the profit is zero. ABC costing provides managers with the necessary information for decision making in an organization. The decisions are made based on the capacity of the organization (Maher, Weil and Stickney, 2015). Enterprise cost management is the process in which the cost incurred for the production of goods in an organization is managed (Powers, Needles and Crosson, 2010). Recommendations Mahfar and Omar ( 2004) has stated that management accounting is integral process for the decision making of the organization. The information can be used by the organization for its key decision making like planning, evaluation of a decision and control of the decision. However traditional form of accounting focus only on the internal process of the business organization. It did not deal with the external problems faced by the organization. The external problems that are faced by the organization include management of the competition, creation of customer value and maintaining competitive advantage. There has been rapid change in the business environment due to globalization. The business environment has become turbulent. In such a turbulent business scenario, Air France has to use innovative management accounting techniques for the growth of the organization. The advanced techniques of management like the Total Quality Management Technique (TQM) and the Activity Based Costing (ABC) can be used as a tool to make the key decisions of the organization. Cost determination and budgeting has been the key concern of the organizations. Rapid changes in the information technology have resulted in availability of information throughout the organization. The management accountants enter into partnership with the managers assisting them in key decision making of the organization. Budget is considered as most important tool of management. Air France can use the process of budgeting, cost variance analysis and standard costing method to make their key management decisions. In case of large scale companies like Air France, Budget can be used as an effective tool for the growth of the organization. Apart from budgeting, ratio analysis can be used as an effective tool to analyze the financial position of the organization. The profitability ratios will serve as a tool for determining the performance of the organization. The solvency of the organization can be determined from t he current ratio and the quick ratio. The company can find a trend of its performance based on the analysis using the key ratios. This will help the company in identifying the strengths and weakness. The company will be able to make its future investment decisions based on its financial performance. This will ensure long term sustainability of the organization. Air France can make strategic decisions based on its past financial performance. This will help the organization in the long run. It is important tool to determine the success of the organization (Sunarni, 2013). SWOT analysis Air France is one of the highest airline revenue earners in Europe. The share of revenue of the company has increased with its merger with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. It has 27 % of the revenue share of the Association of European airlines. 62 % of the long haul destinations in Europe are offered by Air France. In the present report I gave a brief overview of the Organization and its major decisions. I gave an overview of the key management processes that can be used by the organization for its long term survival and key decision making. The strengths and weakness of my report are as follows Strengths I provided a detailed overview of Air France airlines. Information was provided regarding the merger of the organization with KLM airlines. The role of management accounting in making the key decisions of the organization was identified. An analysis of the use of management accounting in the decision making has been presented. Weaknesses The analysis of management accounting suitable for a business organization was presented by me based on assumptions. I performed secondary research to determine the key management process used by organization for decision making. References Airfrance.fr, (2015). Cheap tickets Air France flights best fare to 800 destinations in the world. [online] Available at: https://www.airfrance.fr/FR/en/local/home/home/HomePageAction.do [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Airfrance.fr, (2015). Cheap tickets Air France flights best fare to 800 destinations in the world. [online] Available at: https://www.airfrance.fr/cgi-bin/AF/FR/en/common/home/home/HomePageAction.do [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Klm.com, (2015). AIR FRANCE KLM - KLM Corporate. [online] Available at: https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/air-france-klm/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Maher, M., Weil, R. and Stickney, C. (2015). Managerial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. pp.70-90. Powers, M., Needles, B. and Crosson, S. (2010). Principles of financial and managerial accounting. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Royalairmaroc.com, (2015). Air partners : Air France, Iberia, Delta Airlines, Emirates, Air travel Morocco - Royal Air Morocco. [online] Available at: https://www.royalairmaroc.com/us-en/Travel-Info/Before-the-travel/Partners [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Skyteam.com, (2015). SkyTeam - Member Airline Air France. [online] Available at: https://www.skyteam.com/About-us/Our-members/Air-France/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Static.skyteam.com, (2015). SkyTeam. [online] Available at: https://static.skyteam.com/cdn-1cf3de49794d49a/Global/Press/Facts%20and%20figures/2014%20Jan%20update/Fact_Sheet_SkyTeam_2014_update_5mar14.pdf?_ga=1.165432699.558126921.1421297136 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Sunarni, C. (2013). Management Accounting Practices and the Role of Management Accountant: Evidence from manufacturing Companies throughout Yogyakarta, Indonesia. [online] sibresearch.org. Available at: https://sibresearch.org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/riber_b13-243_616-626.pdf [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015].

Shoplifting Essays - Chitto Harjo, Muscogee People, Startup Cult

Shoplifting In the stage of adolescence sometimes there are things that people do that are less than admirable. In my case I made a mistake that I would later pay the consequences for and learn from my mistake. It was a beautiful sunny day at the very beginning of my summer break after my junior year in high school. I had been shopping around the mall with my best friend on this very hot day, enjoying the cool air conditioning. We were almost done with our afternoon at the mall when I decided to go in to a department store and look for a new wallet. I had spent all my money on other things so I figured I would try and steal the wallet and get out of there. I had stolen a lot of things in the past and I figured I would have no problem with stealing this very small item. This day was definitely one of the worst days of my life. Very often mistakes can teach a person a lifelong lesson. The result of my childish move was a lot worse than I ever expected it to be. I had gotten out of the store without a problem, but as I was no less than ten feet away a security officer from the store came to confront me. The first thing that came to my mind was to run, but then I realized that I would be doing nothing but adding fuel to the fire. The security officer told me that he had been watching me on camera the whole time. He followed by telling me that I must hand the wallet back to him immediately. I had then realized that my days of shoplifting had just taken a plunge. I was then taken to the security room in the back of the department store. The whole time I was sitting back there all I can think was I hope I don't get arrested for this mistake. The security officer then asked me for all my information and to sit back while he took a Polaroid for his wall of fame. He had then told me that I was banned from his department store for one year and that I would be getting a fine in the mail. This did not bother me because there were plenty of other stores for me to shop in. The next body that I saw come threw the door was a police officer holding a pair of handcuffs. Now I knew that I had made a horrible mistake and that I would have to pay for it. The cop cuffed me and walked me out of the mall, as he was reading me my rights. He had told me that I could not have anything on me and that my friend could not come. So I took out my earrings, emptied my pockets, gave my friend my car keys, and sat down in the back of his cruiser. As soon as I sat down I k new that I was headed to the station to bet booked, and that my life would be severely changed from this day forward. I got to the station and was placed in a cell with my hands cuffed to the wall, while another officer started to right down my information for the records. I was then asked to stick my fingers in sticky black ink and put my prints on the paper for the records. Then I was taken to another cell down the hall were I was told to leave my shoes and my belt with the commanding officer. This is wear I would wait until someone came to bail me out. About an hour and a half later the same officer was back to tell me that my mother was here to get me. As soon as I saw the look on her face I said to myself that I would never put her in this situation again.

Ethical Issues in the Finance Department of an Industry

The finance department of any firm or institution plays a significant purpose in any decision making, operations and the running of a firm. Its major duties are to give financial advice to the CEO, other managers and customers. The advice helps them in making healthy decisions in their businesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in the Finance Department of an Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sector ascertains any decisions made by a firm leads to the profitability of the firm and growth of the company. As a division manager of the athletic team, the finance department will give information on the previous sales and provide a detailed report on how the products in the sale were fairing in any of the markets. This information is useful in guiding the division manager in the decision of making on new opportunities (Vengel 45). This information through data mining skills in the informatio n system would help assess the opportunities presented by the different markets. From the information gained the marketing department can tell which product will require sales promotion or product awareness campaign. The data on sales and revenue presented by the accountants will assist in calculating the net profit made from the sales. Information on the profits will guide in allocating a given amount of money to each sector of the company through effective budgeting. The accountants will give relevant information on the expected expenditure and the expected gain from all the investments made by the company in all fields. The finance department will assist in evaluating the business opportunities by carrying out an economic evaluation. This will consist of profit statements, cash flows and income statements evaluation guided by the business plan provided. The business plan will show the product/service to be provided, a list of suppliers expected to provide the materials and the me thod used for acquisition. The market targeted and the business operation will also be discussed by the board of shareholders of the company. Ethical issues from any finance department of an industry affect all the shareholders of the business. Many people think that the finance sector is the most unethical sector of any industry. This could be true considering that crucial decisions in most firms are made by the finance department. One of the ethical responsibilities of the finance department is to protect its clients by ensuring that they comply with the various tax laws. This helps clients to adhere to the state laws and rules by the finance maintaining their independence in making proper ethical decisions. The finance department should not equate legal behavior or decisions with moral behaviors. Most decisions may be legal but that does not make them ethical.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To the employees, the business should not make profits while exploiting their employees. This means that they should not cut the employee’s benefits. This come as a result of the company needs conflicting with the professional duty. They should balance the employee’s needs with those of the company. The customer must also be considered in any ethical decision making process (Clifford, 203). If consumers think that the finance sector ignores its ethical responsibility, then they move to other businesses. Decisions made by the finance department should rarely affect the costumer, if possible. The business should offer enough information on their services and products to the customer. The community also should be considered before making decisions avoid unethical issues from the business. The community provides the necessary infrastructure to any business, so the principal finance decisions should cater for the community needs too. As a division manag er, a good relationship with the finance officers would be maintained by willing to learn the concepts and skills used by the accountants. The relationships can be enhanced by serving others and helping out without any excuses. As a manager, one ought to know how to persuade and influence other employees to assist you hence helping you to achieve goals. The skills learnt would help in future decision making and implementing policies that will earn profits for the company. The finance sector will also help one acquire leadership skills and utilize them in the manager post (Audi, 102). Works Cited Audi, Robert. Business Ethics and Ethical Business. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, Print. Clifford, Bernard. Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Work Place and the Law. London: Springer, 1989, Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in the Finance Department of an Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More Vengel, Allan. The Influence Edge: How to Persuade Others to Help Achieve Your Goals. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2001, Print. This essay on Ethical Issues in the Finance Department of an Industry was written and submitted by user Anabelle Hutchinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Functions of Management Paper

Functions of Management Paper Introduction Management is the process of operating with individuals and resources to achieve organizational aims with efficiency and competence. The business world is dynamic and is characterized by a number of organizational changes, which calls for managers to be conversant in their work to maintain focus through embracing new approaches regarding planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of Management Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning is identifying the goals to be accomplished while taking prior evaluation of the crucial steps that requires to be handled to accomplish these goals. They entail examining current circumstances, foreseeing the future, shaping objectives, deciding on corporate policies, shaping the resources required to surface the company’s goals, and making the right decisions in what actions the firm needs to undertake. Planning awards strategic value which is described as the financial status attributed to the nature of the workforce in accomplishing the user’s desires. The value becomes strategic when geared at achieving the set goals in an organization (Walker et al, 2009). My organization requires that evaluations be made on the ways of adding value, which not only develops personal potential but also augments performance, hence supplementing career skills. For that reason, planning is required by chief executives to create and implement business policies. It is a continuous process where intelligence is employed through including all stakeholders’ views in cultivating and retaining competitive advantage in the dynamic business world as influenced by politics, globalization, and technological advancements. Organizing is bringing together and coordinating the resources required accomplishing organization goals. This involves ways of drawing stakeholders in the organization, stating job a ccountability and categorizing it into work units, shepherding and allotting resources and creating a favorable environment for the workforce to attain maximum productivity. Organizing is applied in my organization and aims at attaining a dynamic organization through recognition of business functions, initiating report dealings and forming a personnel department meant to handle the strategies, programs and other formalities. Organizing leads to flexibility and adaptability in the competitive business world through evolving human resource performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leading is motivating individuals to become elevated performers through proper communications though personal interactions or as a group. It entails close interactions and teamwork while steering and stimulating people to attain organization goals. Teamwork is a vital component of lead ership, which managers cultivate to attain management skills in mobilizing individuals who reinforce their concepts and innovations (Walker et al, 2009). In my organization, motivation is vital in leadership to enhance the workforce productivity by encouraging teamwork and working on interpersonal interactions Controlling is defined as being knowledgeable in monitoring and shifting performance in an organization. It coexists with planning, organizing and leading to accomplish the organization’s success. Other than ensuring proper use of resources, controlling also ensures that the firm is attaining safety and quality mission. Through monitoring and using technological innovations, safety measures are maintained to ensure that the clients and workforce are safe. In my organization, it is essential to measure the standards of goods and services that customers consume to make sure they are free of any toxic contaminant through working in a clean certified environment. Safety m easures not only relieve the company of unnecessary litigation procedures but also help retain the company’s public image and reputation (Mathis Jackson, 2008). Controlling ensures that company’s goals are attained as planned and helps make the needed alterations for business success. Conclusion It is clear that managers today are faced with the task of ensuring they are updated with various dynamic occurrences in the global market so as to maintain a competitive advantage. Using the four concepts in management helps to increase efficiency and mobilize talents for future undertakings. Sufficient interest and resources should be devoted on the four concepts to realize paramount managerial skills without neglecting any of them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of Management Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Mathis, R. L. Jackson, J. J. (2008). Human resource management. Boulev ard Mason: Thomson Cengage Learning. Walker, J. R., Miller, J. E. McBee, L. J. (2009). Supervision in the Hospitality Industry: Leading Human Resources (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ethical Hacking Final Challenges Research Paper

Ethical Hacking Final Challenges - Research Paper Example Therefore one of the vulnerabilities of MD5 is its possibility of resulting into collision attacks. The algorithm also gives room for any attacker to generate a collision. The practical abilities of such attacks results into the impersonation of the trusted roots CA by the attackers. The MD5 trustworthiness is reduced the moment an attacker posses the ability to construct forged data in various forms with the ability of causing software using MD5 (Simpson, 2010-03-17). All these underlying vulnerabilities are caused by a cryptographic primitive making the specific exploitation scenarios vary largely depending on the form of data that is prone to attack and the validation of the software. Microsoft has though tried to issue specific patch for flame which does not though eliminate completely the vulnerabilities caused by MD5 hence they recommend that – every CA that still makes use of MD5 should stop with immediate effect and to migrate to better hash functions. Those with certi ficates signed by MD5 should see on how to replace them immediately. The CA should therefore ensure that sensible cryptographic measures are used depending on the tasks they want performed in their respective organizations (Simpson, 2006). Challenge 2 MEMO TO: Bob Kaikea FROM: Network security Team DATE: 20th February 2013 SUBJECT: Port numbers and services that run on most networks A port number in computer networking is mostly the part of the addressing information that is employed in knowing who the senders and receivers and senders of messages within a network as used with TCP/IP connections (Simpson, 2010-03-17). The port numbers allow for the sharing of information by different applications on the same computer to share resources and they work like telephone extensions. The well known ports are an example of Port 80 that which explains to us what a port really is describing it as a virtual data used by software components to interact. Another is the DHCP which is the Dynamic H ost Configuration protocol. The DHCP server listens on this port and allocates your link the properties it has requested, e.g. IP address, network mask, default gateway and DNS server. Both ports 20 and 21 are known as random ports. While 21 is known as the TCP and is well designed for FTP control, the port 20 is the active FTP type and is designed for the actual transfer of data. Ports 23, 25, 53 and 110 are ports outside the range and they would be used to transfer actual data without the specified range. 23 is the Telnet, 25 acts for the simple mail transfer, 53 is the domain name saver and 110 acts as the Post Office Protocol version 3 (Simpson, 2006). In analyzing the services currently running for the Alexander Rocco Corporation, the ports being used must be keenly looked at to enhance the recovery of the ways to be used to curb the vulnerabilities. Challenge 3 Ethics and morality most so in the computer environment more or less revolves around the same thing that is ethics be ing a moral philosophy where one makes a moral choice and sticks to it. In our case it refers to the moral guidelines that an individual sticks to when using computers and computers networks including the encryption algorithms. It is unethical and therefore against the law to do the following when it comes to computers and computer networks. An individual should not indulge into using office computers to do personal work, one should never read